Summarized biology by Tashenka Ninel

mRNA Vaccinology Next Generation

Advancements in the generation, purification and cellular delivery of RNA have enabled the development of mRNA vaccines across a broad array of applications, such as cancer and Zika virus infection. The technology is cost-effective, relatively simple to manufacture, and elicits immunity in a novel way. Furthermore, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that the world needed rapid development of a vaccine that was deployable around the globe. Because of previous research that laid the groundwork for this technology, an effective COVID-19 vaccine was developed, produced, app

Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomena of amin

What is microbiology? Rod Shaped bacteria Microbiology is the study of microorganisms - bacteria, protozoal parasites, viruses and fungi. These organisms can only be seen under the microscope but despite their size these micro-organisms, or microbes for short, have a massive impact on our lives. It has been estimated that there are 5X1030 or 5 million trillion, trillion, microbial cells on Earth. The total amount of carbon in these cells is equivalent to that of all of the plants on the planet! They collectively constitute the largest mass of living material on earth and play a cri

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs —they have multiple cells with mitochondria and they rely on other organisms for their nourishment. Adult animals develop from embryos: small masses of unspecialized cells Simple animals can regenerate or grow back missing parts Most animals ingest their food and then digest it in some kind of internal cavity. Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth. About 800,000 species have been identified. Animal Phyla- Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within the K

Kingdom Plantae Characteristics chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & b, and carotenoids cellulose cell walls formation of cell plate during cell division starch used for carbohydrate storage Life cycle - sporic meiosis or haplodiplonic or alternation of generations diploid stage (sporophyte) and haploid stage (gametophyte) are multicellular dominant stage varies between groups primitive plants - gametophyte is dominant advanced plants - sporophyte is dominant primitive plants have poorly developed systems for conducting fluids - nonvascular plants more advanced plants (

The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. In addition to the alimentary canal, there are several important accessory organs that help your body to digest food...

Clotting of blood is considered as the defense mechanism because of following reasons , 1.It protect the body against the blood loss which can lead to dehydration . 2.It prevent the entry of micro organisms into the blood circulation. Given below are the main steps of resting blood, 1. Vasoconstriction Amount of blood which flow along the blood vesicle is reduce 2. Platelet plug formation Platelets in the damage vesicle adhere with each other and form a mass of platelets which adhere to the vesicle wall that dama

Endoplasmic Reticulum is an internal system which is formed by cell membrane .It extends from cell membrane to nuclear envelop. Membrane bound compartment which composed of Endoplasmic Reticulum are called CISTERNAE.

Chemicals which decrease the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions are called inhibition. There are 3 types of inhibition 1. Competitive inhibition 2. Non competitive inhibition 3. End product inhibition &

1. ARISTORTAL, Aristortal is the first one who classify organisms scientifically . He divided organisms as PLANTS and ANIMALS. Animals were further divided according to the criteria such as,

Chemicals which decrease the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions are called inhibitors. There are 3 types of inhibitors 1.Competitive inhibition 2.Non-competitive inhibition 3.End product inhibition 1. COMPETITIVE INHIBITION &

Enzyme co-factor are non protenious organic or in organic compounds which are essential for efficient function in some enzyme. Enzyme and co-factor combination is called Holo Enzyme . The protenious heat unstable enzyme component of holo enzyme is called Apo Enzyme . Co-factor is non-protenious hence heat stable. There are 3 types of co-factors 1.Enzyme activators 2.Prosthetic groups &

* Mitochondria is a long cylindrical double membrane bound organal. * It's believed that mitochondria originate from AEROBIC bacteria. * Outer membrane is smooth and inner membrane is folded into cristae . * In between 2 membranes inter membrane space is present . * On cristae stalked bodies called oxysomes are present , they contain enzymes. * Mitochondria is self replicating organal. * Mitochondrial DNA can be used to identify the mother of a person. * Inside the mitochondria a gel like medium called mitochondrial matrix is present .

There are 2 types of cellular organizations can be identified in living organisms 1. Prokariyotic cellular organization 2. Eukariyotic cellular organization This division is based on level of organization of nucleus. Simple primary organization can be seen in Prokariyotic organisms and advanced structure can be seen in Eukariyotic organisms.

1. Important in oxygen transport . Ex; Hemoglobin in red blood cells 2. Important in blood clotting. Ex; Fibrinogen 3. Protect the body from foreign particles

Proteins contain carbon , hydrogen , oxygen and nitrogen. Proteins are polymers here the monomer is AMINO ACIDS . Some proteins are macro molecules. Some proteins are water soluble Ex; enzymes Some proteins are water in soluble Ex; structural

Structural unit of nucleic acid is NUCLEOTIDE Nucleotide have 3 main components 1.Phosphate group 2. Pento sugar group 3.Nitrogenous based group PENTO SUGAR GROUP They are monosaccharides having 5 carbons There are 2 types of pento sugars &n

mRNA Vaccinology Next Generation

Protein Synthesis

Micro Biology

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom plante

Human Digestive System

Blood clotting

Types of Lipids and their functions

Plant tissues

Epithelial Tissue

Bones

Cartilage

Cell junctions

Cytoskeletan

Transportation of materials across Plasma membrane

Lysosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Blood Tissues

INHIBITION

HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION

INHIBITORS

CO-FACTOR

Mitochondria

Cellular organization

Functions of proteins

Proteins

NUCLEOTIDES

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